De-Westernizing Communication Research: What is the Next Step?

NEWS

2008-12-03T22:00:00.000-08:00

!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!

Change of Conference Venue!!!! Conference Room 1 on the 7th Floor of the Administration Building of NCCU

and there will be synchronous interpretation for all the presentations

NEWS!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!NEWS!!!

Conference Agenda*

2008-10-02T19:29:00.000-07:00

International Conference
De-Westernizing Communication Research:
What Is the Next Step?

First Day: Saturday, December 13, 2008


08:30-09:00	Registration
09:00-09:30	Welcoming speech: Wu Se-Hwa 吳思華, President, NCCU Welcoming speech: Chao-sung Huang 黃肇松, Chairman of the Board (Central News Agency) Photo session
9:30-11:10	Session I: Knowledge and Theory: The Issue of Universality Chair/Discussant: Kuan-Hsing Chen 陳光興 The Geography of Theory and the Place of Knowledge : Pivots, Peripheries and Waiting-Rooms David Morley Communication and Transformation: The Cultural Contradictions of Globalised Modernity Graham Murdock De-westernizing Communication: Strategies for Neutralizing Cultural Myths Molefi Asante
11:10-11:30	Tea Break
11:30-12:40	Session II: The Essentiality of de-Westernization Chair/Discussant: Eddie C.Y. Kuo郭振羽 The Cross-Cultural Challenge to Communication Science: The Issue of Cultural Bias M. S. Kim An Anatomy of Eurocentrism in Communication Scholarship: The Role of Asiacentricity in De-Westernizing Theory and Research Yoshitaka Miike (outline read by Professor Guo-Ming Chen 陳國明)
12:50-14:00	Lunch Break
14:00-15:30	Session III: The Peripheral Outlook Chair/Discussant: Gholam Khiabany (for Professor Georgette Wang’s and Professor Shi-xu’s paper) Discussant: Eddie C.Y. Kuo郭振羽 (for Professor Gunaratne’s paper) Reconstructing Eastern Paradigms of Discourse Studies Shi-xu 施旭 (via video conference) De-Westernizing Communication / Social Science Research: Opportunities And Limitations Shelton Gunaratne Orientalism, Occidentalism, and Communication Research Georgette Wang 汪琪
15:30-15:50	Tea Break
15:50-17:00	Session IV: Method and Methodological Challenges Chair/Discussant: M. S. Kim Conceptual challenges to the paradigm of media research in national and local contexts Herng Su 蘇蘅 The Return to Practice Wei Wen Chung 鍾蔚文

Second Day: Sunday, December 14, 2008


09:00-10:40	Session V: Moving Away from Universalism Chair/Discussant: David Morley Beyond Ethnocentrism in Communication Theory: Towards a Culture-centric Approach Eddie C.Y. Kuo 郭振羽 and Han Ei, Chew “De-westernization” of communication studies in Chinese societies Paul S.N. Lee 李少南 Beyond the Dichotomy of Communication StudiesKuo-Ming Guo-Ming Chen 陳國明
10:40-11:00	Tea Break
11:00-12:40	Session VI: Opportunities and Limitations of an Alternative Approach Chair/Discussant: Chen Kuo-Ming Cross-cultural Analysis: Wenyi (文藝) and Melodrama Emilie Y. Y. Yeh 葉月瑜 Imagining de-Westernization: A point of view from the science of meaning Yaly Chao 趙雅麗 Whither Eurocentrism? Media, culture and nativism in our time Gholam Khiabany An agenda for the social sciences in Asia Syed Farid Alatas (via video presentation)
12:40-14:00	Lunch Break
14:00-15:30	Session VII: Round table discussion: The “Next Step” Chair: Eddie C.Y. Kuo Panelists: All

Agenda subject to change*

Conference Details

2008-07-10T22:00:00.000-07:00

The conference will given only in English!

Time
December 13 and 14, 2008
9 AM to 5 PM

Venue
Conference Room1 on the 7th Floor of the Administration Building of National Chengchi University

Website
Chinese: http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/dewesternizing_comm
English: http://dewesternizingcomm.blogspot.com/

Contact persons
conference assistant (Chinese): Chui Fen Chong
-e-mail: dewesternizing_comm@yahoo.com.tw
-mobile: 0919-633284
conference assistant (English): Deike Lautenschlaeger
-e-mail: dewesternizing_comm_eng@yahoo.com
-mobile: 0911-953894

Registration
Deadline of registration: November 30, 2008
Please, send your name, mobile, and e-mail address to the conference assistant for registration!

Organizer
College of Communication, National Chengchi University
Top University Program

Conducter
National Science Council, Taiwan
Ministry of Education, Taiwan

Collaborator
Central News Agency

Organizing Committee

Chung Wei-wen,
Professor and Dean, College of Communication
National Chengchi University

Lin Yuan-huei
Professor and Director,
Media Research and Development Center
National Chengchi University

Tsang Kuo-jen
Professor, Department of Journalism
National Chengchi University

Georgette Wang
Chair Professor, Department of Journalism
National Chengchi University

De-Westernizing Communication Research: What is the Next Step? Background and Purpose

2008-07-10T21:00:00.000-07:00

Background

This is the time for decentralization, de-Westernization, differentiation and pluralist thinking, and the number of published works in communication by non-Western researchers has been growing at exponential rates. Hidden behind the proliferation of research publications in the non-Western world, however, are several important issues that need to be discussed: is communication research in the non-Western world to continue to keep steps with the West, or ‘claim autonomy’ and ‘embark on a different path’? If a different path is preferred and research is to be culturally contextualized, will we then see the end of universal theories? Will intellectual dialogue still be necessary? If yes how can it be established?

Purpose

It is the purpose of this conference to bring out the issues involved in moving towards a cultural-centric approach to communication studies and examine them in light of ontological, epistemological, and methodological considerations.

It is hoped that by a thorough discussion of these critical issues the significance and implications of the current movement can be fully grasped.

Speakers List (alphabetical order)

2008-07-10T20:00:00.000-07:00

Syed Farid Alatas (via video presentation)
Associate Professor of Sociology
National University of Singapore

Molefi Asante
Professor,
African American Studies Program,
Temple University, US

Yaly Chao 趙雅麗
Professor and Dean of College of Liberal Arts,
Department of Mass Communication,
Tamkang University, Taiwan

Guo-Ming Chen 陳國明
Professor,
Department of Communication Studies,
University of Rhode Island, US

Wei-Wen Chung 鍾蔚文
Professor and Dean of College of Communication,
Department of Journalism,
National Chengchi University, Taiwan

Shelton Gunaratne
Professor of Mass Communications Emeritus,
University of Minnesota at Moorhead, US

Gholam Khiabany
Associate Professor and Course Leader BSc Media Studies,
London Metropolitan University, UK

Eddie Chen-Yu Kuo 郭振羽
Professor,
Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information,
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Min-Sun Kim
Professor,
Department of Speech,
University of Hawaii at Manoa, US

Paul S. N. Lee 李少南
Professor,
School of Journalism and Communication,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HK

Yoshitaka Miike
Assistant Professor,
Department of Communication,
University of Hawaii at Hilo, US

David Morley
Professor,
Department of Communication,
Goldsmiths University, UK

Graham Murdock
Reader in the Sociology of Culture,
Department of Sociology,
Loughborough University, UK

Shi-xu 施旭 (via video conference)
Distinguished Professor,
Department of Foreign Literature and Applied Linguistics,
Zhe Jiang University, China

Herng Su 蘇蘅
Professor and Department Chair,
Department of Journalism,
National Chengchi University, Taiwan

Georgette Wang 汪琪　
Chair Professor,
Department of Journalism,
National Chengchi University, Taiwan

Emilie Y.Y. Yeh 葉月瑜
Professor,
Department of Cinema and Television,
Hong Kong Baptist University, HK

Molefi Kete Asante - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T19:10:00.000-07:00

Name	Molefi Kete Asante
Title	Professor at Temple University, US African American Studies Program
Brief Introduction	Professor Molefi Kete Asante is a contemporary African American scholar in the field of African Studies and African American Studies. Professor Asante is known for his theories of Afrocentricity and transracial, intercultural, and international communication
Recent Publications	Asante, M. K. (2005).Ebonics: An Introduction to African American Language. Chicago : African American Images. Asante, M. K. (2005). Cheikh Anta Diop: An Intellectual Portrait. Chicago : Third World Press. Asante, M. K. (2005). Rhetoric, Race, and Identity: The Architecton of Soul. Amherst , NY : Prometheus Books. Asante, M. K. and Maulana Karenga. eds. (2005). Handbook of Black Studies. Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications. Asante, M. K. and Ama Mazama, eds. (2004). Encyclopedia of Black Studies. Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications, December. Asante, M. K. (2003). Erasing Racism: The Social Survival of the American Nation. Amherst : NY: Prometheus Books. Asante, M. K. (2003). Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change, 2nd Edition. Chicago : African American Images.

Paper:

De-westernizing Communication: Strategies for Neutralizing Cultural Myths

Abstract:

It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that neutralizing principal stereotypes and myths often held by the Western World of African and Asian cultures is an effective way to create normal human communication. It is the position of the author that abnormal communication which often goes for effective communication is a linear, rational, militaristic approach to human relations that does not allow ambiguity and non-linearity. In fact, it seeks success which serves as a code for conquest. By neutralizing this tendency for asserting stereotypes the communicator can transform communication into a mutual human relationship.

Guo-Ming Chen - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T19:05:00.000-07:00

Name	Guo-Ming Chen
Title	Professor Department of Communication Studies University of Rhode Island, US
Brief Introduction	Guo-Ming Chen is Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Rhode Island. He was the recipient of the 1987 outstanding dissertation award presented by the SCA International and Intercultural Communication Division. Chen is the founding president of the Association for Chinese Communication Studies. He served as Chair of the ECA Intercultural Communication Interest Group and at-large member of the SCA Legislative Council, and currently the Executive Director of the International Association for Intercultural Communication Studies. He is also the co-editor of Intercultural Communication Studies, China Media Research, and International and Intercultural Communication Annual, and serves on the editorial board of different professional journals. His primary research interests are in intercultural/organizational /global communication. Chen has published over one hundred papers, book chapters, and essays, and (co)authored and (co)edited over 20 books and journal special issues.
Recent Publications	Books Chen,, G. M. (Ed.) (2007). Communication and culture in global context [Special issue]. Intercultural Communication Studies, 16(1), 1-262. Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2005). Foundations of intercultural communication. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Chen, G. M. (with W. J. Starosta) (Eds.) (2005). Taking stock in intercultural communication: Where to now? Intercultural Communication Annual, Vol. 28]. Washington, D.C.: National Communication Association. Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (Eds.) (2004). Dialogue among diversity.[International and Intercultural Communication Annual, Vol. 27]. Washington, D.C.: National Communication Association. Chen, G. M. (2004) (Ed.). Theories and principles of Chinese communication (in Chinese). Taipei: WuNan. Chen, G. M., & Miike, Y. (Eds.) (2003). Asian approaches to human communication. A special issue of Intercultural Communication Studies, 12(4). 1-220. Chen, G. M. (with W. J. Starosta) (Eds.) (2003). Ferment in the intercultural field: Axiology/value/praxis. [International and Intercultural Communication Annual, Vol. 26]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Chen, G. M. (2003). An introduction to intercultural communication (in Chinese). Taipei: WuNan. Journal Articles Chen, G. M. (2007). The impact of feng shui on Chinese communication. China Media Research,3(4), 102-109. Chen, G. M. (2007). Where to now for communication studies in Chinese societies (zhong hua chuang bo xue wang he chu qu). Communication & Society, 3, 157-174. Chen, G. M. (2006). Asian communication studies: What and where to now. The Review of Communication, 6(4), 295-311. Chen, G. M. (2006). Lun quan qiu chuan bon neng li mo shi (On global communication competence). Zhejiang Social Sciences, 4, 131-139. Chen, G. M., & Miike, Y. (2006). Ferment and future of communication studies in Asia: Chinese and Japanese perspectives. China Media Research, 2(1), 1-12. Chen, G. M. (2005) (with S. Liu). Newspaper coverage of Chinese and group perception of Chinese immigratnts. Australian Journalism Review, 27(2), 135-149. Chen. G. M. (2005). A model of global communication competence. China Media Research, 1, 3-11. Chen, G. M. (2005) (with W. J. Starosta). Where to now for intercultural communication: A dialogue. International and Intercultural Communication Annual, 28, 3-13. Chen, G. M., (2004). The two faces of Chinese communication. Human Communication, 7, 25-36. Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2004). Communication among cultural diversities: A dialogue. International and Intercultural Communication Annual, 27, 3-16. Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2003). Asian approaches to human communication: A dialogue. Intercultural Communication Studies, 12(4), 1-15. Chen, G. M (with Rueyling Chuang) (2003). Buddhist perspectives and human communication. Intercultural Communication Studies, 12(4), 65-80. Chen, G. M. (2003) (with W. J. Starosta). “Ferment,” an ethic of caring, and the corrective power of dialogue. International and Intercultural Communication Annual, 26, 3-23. Chen, G. M. (2003) (with W. J. Starosta). On theorizing difference: Culture as centrism. International and Intercultural Communication Annual, 26, 277-287. Book Chapters Chen, G. M. (2009). Intercultural effectiveness. In L. A. Samovar, R. E. Porter, & E. R. McDaniel (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 393-401). Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2008). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In M. K. Asante, Y. Miike, & J. Yin (Eds.), The global intercultural communication reader (pp. 215-237). New York: Routledge. Chen, G. M. (2007). Intercultural communication studies by ACCS scholars on the Chinese. In S. J. Kulich & M. H. Prosser (Eds.), Intercultural perspectives on Chinese communication. (pp. 302-337). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education. Chen, G. M. (2007). A review of the concept of intercultural effectiveness. In M. Hinner (Ed.), The influence of culture in the world of business (pp. 95-116). Germany: Peter Lang. Chen, G. M. (with Jensen Chung) (2007). The relationship between cultural context and electronic-mail Usage. In M. Hinner (Ed.), The role of communication in business transactions and relationships (pp. 279-292). Germany: Peter Lang. Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2006). Intercultural awareness. In L. A. Samovar, R. E. Porter, and E. R. McDaniel (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 357-366). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Chen, G. M. (2004). The eight trigrams of Yi Ching and the development of human relationship. In G. M. Chen (Ed.), Theories and principles of Chinese communication (pp. 203-229). Taipei: WuNan. Chen, G. M., & Chung, J. (2004). The impact of Confucianism on organizational communication. In G. M. Chen (Ed.), Theories and principles of Chinese communication (pp. 245-264). Taipei: WuNan.

Paper:

Beyond the Dichotomy of Communication Studies

Guo-Ming Chen, Professor
Department of Communication Studies
University of Rhode Island
10 Lippitt Road, Davis Hall
Kingston, RI 02881, USA
EmaIl: gmchen@uri.edu

Abstract

The trend of globalization has sharpened the debate on the culture-specific and culture-general approaches to communication studies. As the demand for culture-specific approaches in scholarly research is increasing due to the impact of globalization, the trend of universalizing representations based on culture-general paradigm is as well going stronger. Unfortunately, the countermovement between scholars’ dichotomous positions continues to reflect the limitation and myopia of traditional views, which mirror a full embracing of the local practice on the one side and a blind acceptance of foreign elements on the other side. Hence, how to balance the yin and yang of scholarly research will be a key to developing a sound state of knowledge seeking and making in the future. This paper goes beyond the either-or thinking by taking the stance that the dissolution of the boundary shell should be pursued and the interpenetration and interfusion between yin and yang of communication studies should be sought, while the local identity is still sustained. The concept of miantze (face) and survey research method are exemplified in this paper to support the argument.

Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T19:00:00.001-07:00

Name

Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh

Title

Professor at the Department of Cinema-TV

Director of the Centre for Media and Communication Research
Hong Kong Baptist University

Brief Introduction

Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh is Professor at the Department of Cinema-TV and Director of the Centre for Media and Communication Research at Hong Kong Baptist University. Her publications include: TAIWAN FILM DIRECTORS: A TREASURE ISLAND (Columbia University Press, 2005, Co-author), CHINESE-LANGUAGE FILM: HISTORIOGRAPHY, POETICS, POLITICS (University of Hawaii Press, 2005, Co-editor) and EAST ASIAN SCREEN INDUSTRIES (British Film Institute, 2008, Co-author).

On Wenyi (文藝): Establishing a generic and critical category in Chinese film studies

Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh
School of Communication
Hong Kong Baptist University

Abstract

Scholars have adapted Western theories of melodrama to Chinese melodrama (Berry; Berry and Farquhar; Browne; Ma). Their work offered fresh, provocative insights compared to conventional thematic approaches. But these Western practices may not explain wenyi pictures from Hong Kong and Taiwan, and might also bring theoretical baggage from distant quarters: “The point should be to develop conceptual formulations that are generated from within the Asian context rather than to mimic work designed for the West . . ..” (Louie & Edwards, 138). To lend an endogenous framework for large swathes of Chinese family films, romances and art cinema, it is advisable to locate an intrinsic and perhaps more illuminating concept than melodrama to explain Chinese-language cinemas.

This paper is a preliminary discussion on the historical construct wenyi as a term to clarify, map and discuss key issues in Chinese film history and criticism. These are: the ethical role of cinema in modern forms of spectatorship; transmission of progressive ideals to dispersed populations; the role of literary adaptation; stylistic innovations responding to Western melodrama; and the role of filmmakers as socially responsible artists. By pursuing an extensive, in-depth review of the term wenyi and its shifting meanings, contexts, and applications, the new corpus of wenyi cinema will emerge as a distinct historiography in film scholarship.

References:

Berry, Chris, and Farquhar, Mary. “Realist Modes: Melodrama, Modernity, and Home.” China on Screen: Cinema and Nation. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. 75-107.
Berry, Chris. “The Sublimitive Text: Sex and Revolution in Big Road.” East-West Film Journal 2.2 (1988): 66-86.
Browne, Nick. “Society and Objectivity: On the Political Economy of Chinese
Melodrama.” New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics. Eds. Nick Browne et al. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 40-56.
Ma, Ning. “Spatiality and Subjectivity in Xie Jin’s Film Melodrama of the New
Period.” New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics. Ed. Nick Browne et al. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 15-39.
Ma, Ning. “Symbolic Representation and Symbolic Violence: Chinese Family
Melodrama of the Early 1980s.” East-West Film Journal (December 1989): 32-49.
Louie, Kam, and Edwards, Louise. “Chinese Masculinity: Theorizing Wen and Wu.”
East Asian History 8, December (1994): 135-148.

Yoshitaka Miike - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T19:00:00.000-07:00

Name	Yoshitaka Miike
Title	Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Graduate Faculty Member, M.A. Program in China-U.S. Relations University of Hawai‘i at Hilo
Brief Introduction	Dr. Miike obtained one of the first M.A.s in Communication Studies from Dokkyo University (獨協大学) (Japan) and earned his Ph.D. in Intercultural Communication from the University of New Mexico (USA). Inspired by Dr. Molefi Kete Asante’s Afrocentric idea, he has proposed and developed the metatheory of Asiacentricity as an alternative paradigm for the study of Asian cultures and communication. He received a 2004 Distinguished Scholarship Award from the International and Intercultural Communication Division of the National Communication Association for the “Outstanding Article” published in 2003. Dr. Miike co-edited The Global Intercultural Communication Reader (Routledge, 2008) and journal special issues on “Asian Contributions to Communication Theory” (China Media Research, 2007) and “Asian Approaches to Human Communication” (Intercultural Communication Studies, 2003). He is currently a consulting editor of Intercultural Communication Studies and serves as an editorial board member of China Media Research. He was elected as the 3rd Vice President of the Pacific and Asian Communication Association for 2006-2008.
Recent Publications	Miike, Y. (2009). “Harmony without uniformity”: An Asiacentric worldview and its communicative implications. In L. A. Samovar, R. E. Porter, & E. R. McDaniel (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (12th ed., pp. 36-48). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Miike, Y. (2008). Toward an alternative metatheory of human communication: An Asiacentric vision. In M. K. Asante, Y. Miike, & J. Yin (Eds.), The global intercultural communication reader (pp. 57-72). New York: Routledge. Yin, J., & Miike, Y. (2008). A textual analysis of fortune cookie sayings: How Chinese are they? Howard Journal of Communications, 19(1), 18-43. Miike, Y. (2007). An Asiacentric reflection on Eurocentric bias in communication theory. Communication Monographs, 74(2), 272-278. Miike, Y. (2007). Asian contributions to communication theory: An introduction. China Media Research, 3(4), 1-6. Miike, Y. (2007). Theorizing culture and communication in the Asian context: An assumptive foundation (in Chinese, J. Z. Edmondson, Trans.). In J. Z. Edmondson (Ed.) Selected international papers in intercultural communication (Vol. 1, pp. 137-157). Zhejiang, China: Zhejiang University Press. Miike, Y. (2006). Non-Western theory in Western research? An Asiacentric agenda for Asian communication studies. Review of Communication, 6(1/2), 4-31. Chen, G.-M., & Miike, Y. (2006). The ferment and future of communication studies in Asia: Chinese and Japanese perspectives. China Media Research, 2(1), 1-12. Miike, Y., & Chen, G.-M. (2006). Perspectives on Asian cultures and communication: An updated bibliography. China Media Research, 2(1), 98-106. Miike, Y. (2004). Rethinking humanity, culture, and communication: Asiacentric critiques and contributions. Human Communication: A Journal of Pacific and Asian Communication Association, 7(1), 67-82. Miike, Y. (2003). Beyond Eurocentrism in the intercultural field: Searching for an Asiacentric paradigm. In W. J. Starosta & G.-M. Chen (Eds.), Ferment in the intercultural field: Axiology/value/praxis (pp. 243-276). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Miike, Y. (2003). Japanese enryo-sasshi communication and the psychology of amae: Reconsideration and reconceptualization. Keio Communication Review, 25, 93-115. .

Paper:

An Anatomy of Eurocentrism in Communication Scholarship:

The Role of Asiacentricity in De-Westernizing Theory and Research

Yoshitaka Miike, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor
Department of Communication
University of Hawaii at Hilo

200 West Kawili Street
Hilo , HI 96720-4091 , USA

Phone: (+01) 808-974-7780

Fax: (+01) 808-974-7736

E-mail: ymiike@hawaii.edu

Abstract

The purpose of this essay is to address the problem of Eurocentrism in non-Western communication scholarship and advocate the legitimacy of Asiacentricity in de-Westernizing theory and research. The essay first identifies two dimensions of Eurocentrism: (1) the ideology of universalizing and totalizing Western worldviews and phenomena; and (2) the ideology of devaluing and downplaying non-Western values and experiences. The essay then dispels three misconceptions about centric approaches to non-Western communication philosophies and practices: (1) non-Eurocentric inquiries do not contribute to pancultural theory development; (2) non-Eurocentricity is as ethnocentric as Eurocentrism; and (3) non-Eurocentric views and visions always go against Eurocentric ideas and ideals. The essay finally clarifies the metatheoretical notion of Asiacentricity and discusses the role of Asian cultures as vital resources of theory building in de-Westernizing communication research. It is the argument of the present essay that Asiacentric intellectual pursuits, along with Afrocentric and other non-Eurocentric approaches, will help communication studies in the non-Western region overcome the structure of “academic dependency” and make truly local and global contributions in theorizing about humanity, diversity, and communication.

Abstract prepared for the International Conference on “De-Westernizing Communication Research: What Is the Next Step?,” hosted by the College of Communication at National Chengchi University in Taipei , Taiwan , on December 13-14, 2008.

Shi-xu - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T18:00:00.000-07:00

(via video conference)

Name	Shi-xu
Title	Professor, Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Multicultural Discourses Series Editor, Studying Multicultural Discourses Director, Institute of Discourse & Cultural Studies Zhejiang University
Brief Introduction	Shi-xu ( 施旭, b. 1960, PhD University of Amsterdam) has been a Research Fellow at the University of Amsterdam, Lecturer at the National University of Singapore and Reader at the University of Ulster, UK. His books in English include Cultural Representations, A Cultural Approach to Discourse, Read the Cultural Other (lead-editor) and Discourse as Cultural Struggle (editor). He is the founding Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Multicultural Discourses (Routledge) and Series Lead-Editor of Studying Multicultural Discourses (Hong Kong University Press) and serves on the editorial boards of several premiere international journals (Jo of Socioling, Jo of Lang & Soc Psy, Cult & Psy, Disc & Soc, Jo of Asia-Pacific Comm, Jo of Black Studies). He is a recipient of the New-Century Outstanding Researcher Fund from the Ministry of Education, China. Currently he is Qiushi Distinguished Professor, Director of the Institute of Discourse and Cultural Studies, and Director of Centre for Contemporary Chinese Discourse Studies (CCCDS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. His central academic position is that contemporary language/communication/discourse must be studied as a site of cultural contest, cooperation and transformation.
Recent Publications	施旭（2008）话语分析的文化转向：试论建立当代中国话语研究范式的动因、目标和策略。《浙江大学学报》(“当代中国话语研究”专栏文章之一）38（1）：131－140。 Shi-xu. (2007b). Linguistics as metaphor: analysing the discursive ontology of the object of linguistic enquiry. In T. A. van Dijk, Discourse Studies, London: Sage Publications. Vol 5. Pp. 39-62. (Also published in Language Sciences, 2000, Vol 22, Pp 423-46) Shi-xu ( 2007a ). Contemporary Chinese communication with its cultural Others. In L. M. Simao & J. Valsiner, Otherness in Question: Labyrinths of the Self. Charlotte , NC : Information Age Publishing. Pp. 257-76. Shi-xu et John Wilson (2007). Volonte e purvoir: vers une recherche et une pedagogie radicales en matiere de communication transculturelle. Ferrer: Langues et Cultures. (Traduction de P. Hunt). 18: 15-35. (Translation from Shi-xu & John Wilson (2001). Will and power: towards radical intercultural communication research and pedagogy. Journal of Language and Intercultural Communication. 1 (1): 76-93. ) Shi-xu (2006). Editorial: Researching Multicultural Discourses. Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 1(1): 1-5 Shi-xu (2005), Review of CHINESE ENGLISHES: A sociolinguistic history (Kingsley Bolton, Cambridge University Press). Multilingua. Pp. 314-6

Paper:

Reconstructing Eastern Paradigms of Discourse Studies

Shi-xu
Centre for Contemporary Chinese Discourse Studies, Zhejiang University

xshi@zju.edu.cn www.shixu.com http://www.discourses.org.cn/

Abstract

Current scholarship on language and communication has largely been culturally monological rather than dialogical and diversified. In this keynote, I respond to this sorry state by arguing for the reconstruction of Eastern paradigms in favour of multiculturalism in discourse research. To that end, I first critique the ethnocentrism of the case of Critical Discourse Analysis, then point to the cultural realities of the Eastern discourses, i.e. the discourses of Asia, Africa, Latin America and other developing, subaltern societies in the North and South, and finally demonstrate the unique intellectual accomplishments of the Eastern world useful for the study of their discourses. In conclusion, I outline the basic requirements for the new paradigms and the corresponding action strategies for the reconstructive work.

Keywords disciplinary discourse, ethnocentrism, multiculturalism, Third World, Eastern wisdoms

Graham Murdock - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T17:00:00.000-07:00

Name	Graham Murdock
Title	Reader in the Sociology of Culture at Department of Social Sciences Loughborough University
Brief Introduction	Graham Murdock is Reader in the Sociology of Culture. His main interests are in the Sociology and Political Economy of Culture. He has written extensively on the organisation of the mass media industries; and on the press and television coverage of terrorism, riots and other political events. His current work is on advertising and on the social impact of new communications technologies Before moving to Loughborough he taught at the University of Leicester. He is currently an external professor at the Institute for Mass Communication at the University of Bergen, Norway.
Recent Publications	McGuigan, J., Graham Murdock, Michael J. Pickering, and Natalie Fenton (Eds.). (2008). Media and Culture. Sage Publications. Deacon, D., Michael Pickering, Peter Golding, and Graham Murdock. (Eds.). (2007). Researching Communications: A Practical Guide to Methods in Media and Cultural Analysis. Oxford University Press, USA ; 2 edition. Murdock, G. and Janer Wasko. (Eds.). (2007). Media in the Age of Marketization. Hampton Press. Murdock, G. (2005). Communication and Critical Inquiry. Sage Publications. Murdock, G. (2004). Communication and Modernity. Hodder Arnold, Murdock, G. and Peter Golding. (2004). “Dismantling the Digital Divide: Rethinking the Dynamics of Participation and Exclusion” in - Andrew Calabrese and Colin Sparks (eds) Toward a Political Economy of Culture: Capitalism and Communication in the Twenty-First Century. Lanham. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Paper:

Communication and Transformation: The Cultural Contradictions of Globalised Modernity

Graham Murdock
Loughborough University

Abstract: It is indisputable that much Western communications scholarship has been based, either openly or by default, on the assumption that accounts developed to address western experiences and ambitions had universal applicability. Against this, we are now witnessing increasing demands for perspectives that acknowledge the cultural specificity and irreducibility of non western formations and practices and the consequent need to decentralise and pluralise approaches to communications. But is approaching the transformations of the current world system through the prism of de-westernisation the most productive way forward ? This paper argues that it may not be and outlines a critical perspective that starts from unfolding processes rather than spatial or cultural maps.

As a preface to this task it is first necessary to interrogate the history of modernity as a globalised but variable and multiple project and to identify its contradictory legacies

These processes are still unfolding but over the last three decades they have been increasingly entangled with three other movements -the globalisation of capitalism , the globalisation of risk, and the digitalisation of communications. The second half of this paper examines these intersections and the ways they are restructuring communications and culture, paying particular attention to the emerging economies of Asia. It argues that the key conflicts are not between the ‘West’ and the ‘Rest’ but between the world wide romance with markets and consumerism, the revivification of national and religious fundamentalisms, and the emergence of new forms of cosmopolitan citizenship.

David Morley - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T16:00:00.000-07:00

Name	David Morley
Title	Professor at Goldsmiths University of London
Brief Introduction	David Morley’s research spans both micro-practices of media consumption and macro questions such as the role of media technologies in constituting the ‘electronic landscapes’ within which we live. His research has addressed questions of media consumption, especially in relation to broadcast television and, more recently, the uses of a variety of ‘new’ communications technologies such as the mobile phone. His interests are focused on the role of these technologies in articulating the public and private spheres, and he has done extensive ethnographic work in this field addressing both the functional and symbolic dimensions of communications technologies. He has also works on questions of cultural theory and globalisation - and has focussed on how to develop a non-Eurocentric media studies, within a cultural studies framework. Given his interdisciplinary approach, his work spans the fields of cultural geography and media anthropology and has been concerned with the role of media technologies in the construction of communities at different scales, in the context of processes of de/re-territorialisation, and in the re-constitution of boundaries and techno-regions. Having explored questions of ‘newness’ in relation to a variety of media in his last book, his most recent research attempts to re-articulate the study of virtual communications with that of material forms of transportation, so as to better theorise the varieties of mobility (and stasis) which characterise the contemporary world.
Recent Publications	Books Morley. D. (forthcoming 2006). The Geography of the New: Media, Modernity and Technology, Routledge. Morley. D. (2005). (edited with James Curran) Media and Cultural Thery, Routledge. Morley. D. (2003). “Die Sogantannen Cultural Studies” in A Hepp and C Winter (eds.) Die Kultural Studies Kontroverse, zuKlampen, Hamburg . Morley. D. (2003). “Kuulumisin – aika, tila ja indeeti, mediotnessa maailmassa” in M Lehtonen and O Lohtty (eds.) Erailmmus, Vastapaino, Tampere ( Finland ) Morley. D. (2004). “Broadcasting and the construction of the national family” in R Allen and A Hill (eds.) New Media Theory, Routledge. Morley. D. (2004). “At home with television” in L Spigel and J Olsson (eds.) Television after TV, Duke University Press. Morley. D. (2006 forthcoming). “The domestication of the media and the dis-location of domesticity” in T Berker et al (eds.) The Domestication of Media and Technology,Open University Press. Morley. D. (2006 forthcoming) “Communication technologies and the re-configuration of Europe ” (with K Robins) in V Vitali and P Willemen (eds.) Theorising the National in Cinema, British Film Institute. Recent Journal Articles Morley. D. (2003). ‘What`s Home got to do with it? The domestication of the media and the dislocation of domesticity’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 6 (4). Morley. D. (2003). ‘Rodni orkir obitelskog televije’ in Hravatski Filmski LJETOPIS ( Zagreb , Croatia ) Vol 36.‘byc w Domu ur Mobilnym Swiece’, Kultura Popularna,3 (5), 2003 ( Warsaw ). Morley. D. (2006).‘Unaswered Questions in Audience Research’, The Communication Review ; to also appear, in French translation, in I Charpentier (ed) Actualites des Recherches en Sociologie de la Reception et des Publics Creaphis, Paris (forthcoming)

Paper:

The Geography of Theory and the Place of Knowledge : Pivots, Peripheries and Waiting-Rooms

David Morley

The paper will address a number of issues concerning the constitution of knowledges in particular locations. Its starting point will be with the inevitability of the mutual inscription of our conceptions of both geography and history, and it will address the difficulties involved in critiques of ethnocentrism in the production of knowledge. Consideration will also be given to the ways in which a variety of ‘centres’, or subjects of knowledge have been constructed, in relation to the differently defined ‘peripheries’ which they have constituted as their objects. The paper will also survey the strengths and weaknesses of different levels of abstraction (and generalisability) in social and cultural theory, as applied on different geographical scales, in relation to questions concerning the viability of area-based or ‘regional’ theories of the contemporary forms of globalisation.

Paul S.N. Lee - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T15:00:00.000-07:00

Name	Paul S.N. Lee
Title	Professor School of communication and journalism The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Brief Introduction	Paul S. N. Lee is a senior lecturer in the Department of Journalism and Communication atthe Chinese University of Hong Kong. His major research interests are international communication, telecommunications policy, development communication and media criticism. He has written numerous journal articles and is the author of International Communication, editor of Telecommunication and Development in China and co-editor of TV Without Borders: Asia Speaks Out .
Recent Publications	Lo, V., Leung, L., Xiong, C., & Lee, P. (2007) Displacement effects of the Internet on traditional media: Beijing , Taipei , Hong Kong . In Y. Fung, T. Wu, Y. So & P. Lee (Eds.). The development and challenges of Chinese Media (pp. 104-116). Shanghai: Fudan University Press. (In Chinese). Leung, K, Chu , L. & Lee, P. (2006). The communication research and education in Hong Kong . In K. Leung, J. Kenny & P. Lee (Eds.). Global trends in communication research and education (pp. 189-209). Cresskill , NJ : Hampton . Lee, P. (2005). Democracy, the press and civil society in Hong Kong . In A. Romano & M. Bromley (Eds.). Journalism and democracy in Asia (pp. 81-95). London : Routledge. Lee, P., Leung, L. & So, C. (2004). Towards intelligent societies: The impacts of globalization, customization, flexibility, and multiple identities. In P. Lee, L. Leung & C. So (Eds.). Impact and issues in new media: Toward intelligent societies (pp. 1- 20). Cresskill , NJ : Hampton . Lee, P. (2004). The impact of information and communication technologies on society. In P. Lee, L. Leung & C. So (Eds.). Impact and issues in new media: Toward intelligent societies (pp. 245- 264). Cresskill , NJ : Hampton . Lee, P. (2004). The stereotypes of Japan and South Korea among Hong Kong people. In J. Leigh & E. Loo (Eds.). Outer limit: A reader in behaviour and communication across cultures (pp. 237-249). Sydney : Language Australia . Lee, P. (2003). Reflections on mergers and TNC influence on the cultural autonomy of developing countries. In A. Goonasekera, C. Hamelink, & V. Iyer (Eds.), Cultural rights in a global world (pp. 47-56). Singapore : Eastern Universities Press. Lee, P. (2003). Television, identity and civil society - The role of a non-controversial public space in Hong Kong . In Philip Kitley (Ed.). Television, regulation and civil society in Asia (pp. 188-204). London : RoutledgeCurzon. Lee, P. (2003). Media development and social changes. In P. Lee (Ed.).Hong Kong media in the new millennium (pp. 3-16). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. (In Chinese)

Paper:

“De-westernization” of communication studies in Chinese societies
Paul S.N. Lee

Abstract: The paper first examines differences in communication phenomena between Chinese and Western societies and discuss if there are some fundamental differences. It then analyzes if it is appropriate to “de-westernize” communication studies in Chinese contexts, or to combine the Chinese and Western approaches in seeking better understanding of communication phenomena in Chinese societies. If the latter is better, what are the “Chinese” approaches? The “Chinese” or non-Western approaches are explored and weighed against the Western ones. The author examines issues involved in “de-westernization” and construction of Chinese approaches at three levels, namely, ontological, epistemological and topical level. Suggestions for communication studies in Chinese societies are given in the end.

Eddie C. Y. Kuo - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T14:10:00.000-07:00

Name	Eddie C. Y. Kuo
Title	Professor at School of Communication and Information Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Brief Introduction	Eddie C Y Kuo (PhD, Minnesota) is Professorial Fellow and Founding Dean (1992-2003) of the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University (NTU). He is also the (founding) editor of Asian Journal of Communication (since 1990), which is now listed in Thomson Reuters Social Science Citation Index (SSCI).
Recent Publications	Kuo, E. (2008). The World Wide Web of Babel: Some Observations on Language Diversity and the Internet, presented at ASEF Workshop- Gatekeepers in a Digital Asian-European Media Landscape: The rising structural power of Internet search engines, Singapore, 28 Feb-1 March 2008. Kuo, E. (2007). “New Media and Nationalism: Globalization of the Imagined Community”, paper presented at Beijing Forum 2007, China, 2-4 November 2007. Eddie Kuo, “Cultural hegemony and image construction: The Chinese under the lenses of Hollywood”, paper presented at the 2006 IAMCR Annual Conference, Cairo, Egypt, 23-28 July 2006. Eddie Kuo, “From Pseudo-event to Counterfeit Reality: Changing Perception of Reality in the Digital Age”, paper presented at the 14th AMIC Annual Conference on “Media and Society in Asia: Transformations and Transitions”, 18-21 July 2005, Beijing. Kuo, E., Choi, A., Mahizhnan, A. A., Lee, W. P., & Soh, C., 2002, The Internet in Singapore: A Study of Usage and Impact, Time Academic Press Lee, W. & Kuo, E.C.Y., 2002, “Internet and displacement effect: Children’s media use and activities in Singapore”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol. 9 Kuo, E.C.Y. and Low, L., 2000, “Information economy and changing occupation structure in Singapore”, The Information Society, Vol. 17

Paper:

Beyond Ethnocentrism in Communication Theory:
Towards a Culture-centric Approach

Eddie C. Y. Kuo*
Professorial Fellow
Department of Communication Research
Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information
Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore 637718

Han Ei, Chew
Doctoral Student
College of Communication
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
USA

Abstract:

Communications scholars have been challenging the universality of Eurocentric scholarship, which they argue to be a form of intellectual imperialism imposing its provincial ideals and masquerades these as universal. As an answer to Eurocentricity, it has been suggested researchers on Asian communication should place Asian values and ideals at the center of inquiry to see Asian phenomena from the perspective of Asians as subjects and agents. This paper critically reviews this Asia-centric paradigm and its implications and premises. It proposes instead that a culture-centric paradigm be adopted to avoid an Asian version of the Eurocentricity bias. It advocates the adoption of a more harmonious perspective in light of the convergence of global cultures and calls for approaching research deficiencies as a global community of communication scholars rather than one divided along ethnic fault lines. The culture-centric approach is proposed as a meta-theory that is non-polarizing by nature through its placement of culture at the center of inquiry. To avoid the creation of polarity, culture-centricity seeks to encompass the contradictions and ambivalences as well as other diverse cultural representations (such as ethnicity, religion and language). This paper argues for a non-polarizing approach so that communication scholars can theorize without ideological bias or artificial boundaries created by arbitrary definitions of what constitutes East or West.

* For correspondance, E-mail: cykuo@ntu.edu.sg

M.S. Kim - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T14:00:00.000-07:00

Name	M.S. Kim
Title	Professor University of Hawaii, Manoa
Brief Introduction	M.S. Kim has a great influence on the de-Westernizing communcation research. She is the first one who achieved a detailed and systematic analysis between Asian and Western culture in communication in her book "Non-Western Perspectives on Human Communication".
Recent Publications	Kim, M. S., Kam, K. Y., Sharkey, W. F., & Singelis, T. M. (2008/in press). “Deception: Moral transgression or social necessity?”: Cultural-relativity of deception motivations and perceptions of deceptive communication. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 1, 23-50. Kim, M. S., Kam, K. Y., Sharkey, W. F., & Singelis, T. M. (2008). Culture and deception. Comunication Currents, 3, (1). Kim, M. S. (in press). Conversational Constraints Theory. In S. M. Littlejohn & K. A. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage. Kim, M. S. (in press). Intercultural norms. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication. New York : Blackwell. Kim, M. S., Chen, G-M, & Miyahara, A. (in press). Communication as a Field and Discipline: East Asia . In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication. New York : Blackwell. Kim, M. S. (in press). Conversational Constraints Theory. S. W. Littlejohn, & K. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. Sage. Kim, M. S., Lee, H. R, & Kazuya, H. (in press). Cultural Metaphors and Inherent Biases on Wordless Communication: Implication for Communication about Health. Intercultural Communication Journal. Kim, M. S., & Hubbard, Amy E (2007). Intercultural communication in the global village: How to Intercultural Communication in the Global Village: How to Understand “The Other”. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 36(03), 223 – 235. Kim, M. S., Tasaki, K., Kim, I. D. , & Lee, H. R. (2007). The influence of social status on communication predispositions: Focusing on independent and interdependent self-construals. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 17, 303 - 329. Leung, T., & Kim, M. S. (2007). Eight conflict handling styles: Validation of model and instrument. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 17, 173 – 198. Kim, M. S. (2007b). The four cultures of cultural research. Communication Monographs, 74, 279-285. Kim, M. S. (2007b).Our culture, their culture, and beyond: Further Thoughts on Ethnocentrism in Hofstede’s iscourse. Journal of Multicultural Discourse, 2 (1), 1-6. Lee, H.-R., Hubbard, A.E., O'Riordan, C.K, and Kim, M.-S. (2006). Incorporating culture into the theory of planned behavior: Predicting smoking cessation intentions among college students. Asian Journal of Communication, 16(3), 315-332. Tarr, N. D., Kim, M. S., & Sharkey, W. F. (2005). The effects of self-construals and embarrassability on predicament response strategies. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 497-520. Kim, M. S. (2004). Culture-Based Conversational Constraints Theory: An individual- and culture-level analyses. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about culture (pp. 93-117). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage. Kim, M. S., Lee, H. R., Kim, I. D. , & Hunter, J. E. (2004). A test of a cultural model of conflict styles. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 14, 197-223. Hara, K., & Kim, M. S. (2004). The Effect of Self-Construals on Conversational Indirectness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28, 1-18. Kim, J. S., Kim, M. S., Kam, K., & Shin, H. C. (2003). Influence of self-construals on the perception of different self-presentation styles in Korea . Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 89-102. Kim, M. S., & Raja, N. S.(2003). When validity testing lacks validity. Human Communication Research, 29, 275-290. Hara, K., & Kim, M. S. (2003). Gender and conversational indirectness. Intercultural Communication Studies, 6, 1-10.

Paper:

The Cross-Cultural Challenge to Communication Science:
The Issue of Cultural Bias

Min-Sun Kim
Department of Speech

Abstract:

As more scholars from Asia have entered the field of communication, there has been increasing dissatisfaction with the use of North American models of communication to explain communication processes in Asia, and even some aspects of communication processes in North America . Certain new ideas and hypotheses have a much better chance of being taken seriously and making it through the process of verification than others. One of the key determinants of this is whether or not a new idea is congruent with prevailing cultural biases. Indeed, there is now a whole series of studies documenting how cultural bias has shaped the logic of verification in connection with specific theories in both the natural and the social sciences. In light of these critiques, the Americentric biases evident in communication theories cannot be ignored. There is a long line of communication theories that has projected prevailing Eurocentric biases onto the phenomena being studied and which subsequently became immensely popular mainly because it derives from and so reinforces those biases (Kim, 2002).

Many communication theories are hampered by cultural bias, which can ultimately negate their validity. Discussion of how some ideological factors have become incorporated into communication theories has occurred in some of our major journals. This conceptual revolution, I will argue, has profound implications for the content of a future communication science. What is clear from the recent literature is the strong awareness of a lack of fit between Western theory and non-Western realities. However, instead of attempting to construct theories that are distinctly Asian, today there is a call for effort in broadening the existing Western theoretical framework. Some Asian scholars have argued against the development of Asiacentric or Afrocentric communication theories. At a time when one's counterparts in the Western world are making an effort to broaden their perspectives, limiting oneself to just Asia is not only counterproductive, but also draws away further from the goal of formulating a universal theory. If the building of communication theory is to be successful, the relevant aspects of all human histories, experiences, philosophies, cultural traditions, and values should be given due consideration. The first step in breaking the self-reinforcing circuit of knowledge seems to require being deliberately self-conscious about what is being taken for granted in the initial formulation of the problem and the labels that are used. For instance, we need to recognize one major stumbling block in knowledge production in Western contexts: a cultural view that the individual is, a priori, separate and self-contained and must resist the collective. There is no question that, if communication science is to make any progress in the twenty-first century, it must overcome the Eurocentric heritage which has distorted its analyses and its capacity to deal with the problems of the contemporary world. It is time to tackle the issues of cultural bias in our communication theories rather than simply talk about it.

Gholam Khiabany - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-10T13:00:00.000-07:00

Name	Gholam Khiabany
Title	Assistant professor at Department of Applied Social Science, London Metropolitan University, UK
Brief Introduction	Among scholars who have an Islamic background, Khiabany is the cynosure. His research interest is mainly on media and social change, as well as in the relation of Islamic communication, the development, and democracy.
Recent Publications	Books Khiabany, G. (2008). Blogestan:The Internet and Politics in Iran . London : I.B.Tauris. (With Annabelle Sreberny) Khiabany, G. (2008). Iranian Media and the Paradox of Modernity: Media, Religion and State since 1979. New York : Routledge. Joint-edited Anthologies and Journals Khiabany, G. (2007). Guest editor with Annabelle Sreberny, ‘Mediated Politics in the Middle East’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East , Vol. 27(3). Articles Khiabany, G. (2008/in press). Internet in Iran : The Battle over an Emerging Public Sphere, in M.Mclelland and G. Goggin (eds) Internationalising Internet Studies: Beyond Anglophone Paradigms. New York : Routldege. (With Annabelle Sreberny) Khiabany, G. (2007). ‘Is there an Islamic Communication? The persistence of tradition and the lure of modernity’, Critical Arts. Vol. 21(2). Khiabany, G. (2007). Religion, State and the Media in Iran : Beyond Islamic Exceptionalism, in R. Maluf and R. Berenger (eds) Religion, Media and the Middle East . Cambridge : Cambridge Scholars Press. (in press) Khiabany, G. (2007). ‘Becoming Intellectual: The blogestan and public political space in the Islamic Republic’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 34 (2).(With Annabelle Sreberny) Khiabany, G. (2007). ‘Introduction: Mediated Politics in the Middle East’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East , Vol. 27(3).(With Annabelle Sreberny) Khiabany, G. (2007). ‘The Politics of/in Blogging in Iran ’ Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East , Vol. 27(3).(With Annabelle Sreberny) Khiabany, G. (2007). ‘Iranian Media: The Paradox of Modernity’, Social Semiotics,Vol. 17(4). Khiabany, G. (2007). Modernity and the many faces of ‘digital divides’: Digital Dynamics in Iran , in P. Golding and G. Murdock (eds) Unpacking Digital Dynamics: Participation, Control, and Exclusion. New York : Hampton Press. Khiabany, G. (2007). The Politics of Broadcasting in Iran : Continuity and Change, Expansion and Control, In D. Ward (ed) Television and Public Policy: Change and Continuity in an Era of Liberalization. New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Khiabany, G. (2007). The Iranian Press, State and Civil Society, In M. Semati (ed) Uncovering Iran : Media, Culture, and Society. New York : Routledge. Khiabany, G. (2006). ‘Religion and Media in Iran : Imperative of the market and the straightjacket of Islamism’, WestminsterPapers in Communication and Culture. Vol. 3(2). Khiabany, G. (2005). ‘Faultlines in the agendas of global media debates’, Global Media and Communication, Vol. 1(2). Khiabany, G. (2004). The Women’s Press in Contemporary Iran: Engendering the Public Sphere, in N. Sakr (ed) Women and Media in the Middle East . London : I.B.Tauris. (With Annabelle Sreberny) Khiabany, G. (2003). ‘Globalization and the Internet: Myths and Realities’, Trends in Communication, Vol. 11(2). Khiabany, G. (2003). ‘De-Westernising Media Theory or Reverse Orientalism: Islamic Communication as Theorized by Hamid Mowlana’, Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 25(3).

Paper:

Whither Eurocentrism?
Media, culture and nativism in our time

Gholam Khiabany
London Metropolitan University

Abstract:

In seeking to decentralise the West and de-Westernise development and media studies, many analysts offer a form of epistemological nativism. This reproduces the very same false binaries enshrined in much of the literature of the modernisation school, and the culturalist assumptions which have entrapped much of the analysis of the West's ‘others’. Narratives of the reception of capitalist modernity both by native and non-native commentators are dominated by essentialism. While claiming to challenge Eurocentrism and ‘colonialism’, the new nativist approaches focus on culture and identity as the starting point, on the one hand suppressing the internal diversities of ‘identities’ (Islamic, Asian, African, etc.), and on the other hand shifting the focus from the critique of political economy and of the nation-state to that of the critique of culture and of nation.

This paper examines alternative cultural claims to media and modernity and the search for an elusive authentic ‘self’, with particular reference to the ‘Islamic World’. By bringing back history and historicising ‘culture’, this paper suggests that i) a focus on ‘differences’ in terms of geographical and cultural locations works to conceal the real and more pressing ‘differences’ which need our urgent attention, and that ii) the revival of ‘traditions’ and ‘cultures’ that are perceived to have existed in defiance of history are providing a non-western alibi to legitimate modernisation and capitalism.

Running head: THE ROLE OF ASIACENTRICITY

Yaly Chao - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-09T23:55:00.000-07:00

Name	Yaly Chao
Title	Dean of College of Liberal Arts Department of Mass Communication Tamkang University, Taiwan
Brief Introduction	Chinese Journal of Communication: Editorial Advisory Board Members（2008.10-）Chinese Communication Society: Chairman（2006.09-2008.9）Communication & Society: Editorial Advisor（2006-）Creativity Center of Tamkang University: Coordinator（2005.08-2007.07）Chinese Journal of Communication Research: EditorialAdvisory Board Members（2004.12-）Hong Kong Baptist University: Visit Scholar（2003.01-2003.08）Audio Description Development Association: Founder andchairman（2002-）Central News Agency: Supervisor （1999-2003）Tamkang Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences: Chief Editor（1999.01-）
Recent Publications	一、專書與期刊論文 1. 趙雅麗（2008）。〈傳播，「準備好了」嗎？〉，《中華傳播學刊》，13：223 -232。 2. 趙雅麗（2006）。〈跨符號研究：「結構 / 行動」交相建構中的傳播巨型理論藍圖〉，《新聞學研究》， 86：1- 44。 3. 趙雅麗（2005c）。〈什麼是意義經濟？當代社會中意義本質與意義產值的交鋒與辯證〉，《淡江人文社會學刊55週年校慶特刊》，17-32。淡水：淡江大學。 4. 趙雅麗（2005b）。〈傳播怎麼看創意？沒意義的創意vs沒創意的意義〉，《新聞學研究》，《傳播研究簡訊》，42：1-4。 5. 趙雅麗（2005a）。〈認識的困境與結構：傳播學門之自我認同的病理學還原探索〉，《新聞學研究》，84：119-162。 6. 趙雅麗（2004）。〈台灣口語傳播學門發展綜論〉，收錄於翁秀琪主編《台灣傳播學想像》。台北：巨流圖書出版公司。 7. 趙雅麗（2003b）。〈視障學生對口述影像卡通影片之理解機制的研究〉，《廣播與電視》，21：1-54。 8. 趙雅麗（2003a）。〈符號版圖的迷思：影像化趨勢下語言的未來發展〉，《新聞學研究》，77：187-215。 9. 趙雅麗（2002）《言語世界中的流動光影－口述影像的理論建構》。台北：五南出版社。二、研討會論文 1. 趙雅麗（2008）。〈傳播成為一門「意義科學」的可能藍圖與準備：跨符號的觀點〉，論文發表於2008中華傳播學會年度研討會。淡水：淡江大學。 2. 趙雅麗（2007）。〈創意評量：傳播教育創新的反思與實踐〉，論文發表於2007中華傳播學會年研討會。淡水：淡江大學。 3. 趙雅麗（2005b）。〈跨符號研究：「結構/行動」交相建構中的傳播巨型理論藍圖〉，論文發表於2005中華傳播學會年研討會。台北：國立台灣大學。論文已刊登於《新聞學研究》， 86：1- 44。 4. 趙雅麗（2005a）。〈傳播如何看創意：繪製創意研究的新藍圖〉，論文發表於第三屆創新與創造力研討會。木柵：政治大學創新與創造力研究中心。 5. 趙雅麗（2004b）。〈什麼是創造力的基礎建設：一個傳播觀點的思考〉，專題演講2004「知識．創新．傳播」傳播研討會：傳播知識版圖的探索。淡水：淡江大學大眾傳播學系論文集。 6. 趙雅麗（2004a）。〈視障者的心像：從觸覺到視覺之記憶光譜的初探〉，論文發表於2004中華傳播學會年研討會。澳門：觀光學院。 7. 趙雅麗（2003）。〈認識的困境與結構：傳播學門之自我認同的病理學還原探索〉，論文發表於2003中華傳播學會年研討會。新竹：國立交通大學。論文已刊登於《新聞學研究》，84：119-162。三、近五年國科會專題研究計畫 1. 趙雅麗（2008-2010）。《傳播成為一門「意義科學」的可能藍圖與準備：跨符號的觀點》。國科會專題研究計劃編號：NSC–97-2412-H-032-003。 2. 趙雅麗（2007-2008）。《意義經濟的建構與解構：跨符號研究的觀點》。國科會專題研究計劃編號：NSC–96-2412-H-032-003。 3. 趙雅麗（2004-2007）。《傳播意義版圖的旅行：從創新到普及的跨符號觀點的研究》。國科會專題研究計劃編號：NSC–95-2412-H-032-001。 4. 趙雅麗（2006. 7月1日- 2006.12月31日）。《國科會「科學發展」月刊「台灣新發現」專欄規劃案》。國科會專題研究計劃編號：NSC94-2742-S-032-001。 5. 趙雅麗（2005-2006）。《「科學180」科普廣播節目應用推廣計畫》。國科會專題研究計劃編號：NSC94-2517-S032-001。 6. 趙雅麗（2003-2004）。《科學普及的新板塊：廣播科普推廣計畫》。國科會專題研究計劃編號：NSC–92-2515-S-032-002。8.趙雅麗（2002-2004）。《明眼與視障者創意混合團隊互動模式的理論建構：一個語言觀點的探索：一個初探性研究》。國科會專題研究計劃編號：NSC–92-2412-H-032-002。

Abstract

Imagining de-Westernization: A View Point from the Science of Meaning

What is the specific imagination of de-Westernization research? Is to get rid of the “periphery” reliance on the “core”, promote dialogue between non-Western communication community and the world, or to find and establish a universal theory that goes beyond the mainstream model in the West? But what is universal theory? Does universal theory actually exist? Since culture is highly “situational”, how a highly cultural context oriented communication studies can possibly “universal”? In addition, does the term of “universal” imply it is closer to the natural sciences? If not, apart from the model of natural sciences, are highly situational humanities and social sciences likely to have universal connotation? However, if the common elements do not exist in communication field, then what at all is the “basis” for the dialogue between different fields going on so far? If communication is a school of significance sharing, can we through deepening research of the “significance” system, develop it into the “basis” of dialogue between different fields? This article first explore the “de-Westernization” and “universal theory”, the relevant issues needed to be clarified for these two concepts, and then try to delineate the specific imagination of “de-Westernization” research, and lastly attempt to set out on the “significance ” point of view, exploring ways of using grounded theory approach, to put forward a potential thinking framework for the development “ scientific significance”, thus provides the imagination of “de-Westernization” research with a reference direction.

Georgette Wang - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-09T02:40:00.000-07:00

Name	Georgette Wang
Title	Chair Professor at the Department of Journalism National Chengchi University, Taiwan
Brief Introduction	Georgette Wang has published widely in the area of culture, communication and globalization. In recent years she has dedicated in the "reconnaissance" of Chinese researchers in the value of their cultural heritage in developing ideas for social scientific research.
Recent Publications	Wang, G. (2008) Reconceptualizing the role of culture in media globalization: realitytelevision in Greater China. Journal für Entwicklungspolitik (The Austrian Journal of Development Studies), 24(1), 82-98. Wang, G. and Yeh, E.Y. (2005) “Globalization and hybridization in cultural products” International Journal of Cultural Studies, 8: 175-193. Wang, Georgette. (2003) Foreign investment policies, sovereignty and growth. Telecommunications Policy, 27, 267-282. SSCI Liu, C.C., Day, W.W., Sun, S.W., and Wang, G. (2002) User behavior and the globalness of Internet: from a Taiwan users’ perspective. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 7(2). [On-line publication] Wang, Georgette and Shen, Vincent. (2001) “Searching for the Meaning of Searching for Asian Communication Theories.” Asian Journal of Communication, . Wang, Georgette, Servaes, Jan and Goonasekera, Anura. (2000) The New Communications Landscape: Demystifying Media Globalization London : Routledge. Wang, Georgette (1999) “Regulating Network Communication in Asia : A Different Balancing Act?” Telecommunications Policy 23, 277-287. SSCI

Paper:

Orientalism, Occidentalism, and Communication Research

Abstract: In recent years“Occidentalism” has been used to describe hostilities and misunderstanding of the “rest” towards the “West”, in contrast to what Said proposed as "Orientalism". The concept, however, lacks the kind of rigor and depth for it to benefit our understanding of why things are the way they are, and how communication researchers in/from the non-Western world can move to the next stage in playing a more active role in academic discourse.
This paper went back to the first encounter of the Islamic, Indian and Chinese civilization with the West, and found striking similarities in the way they responded to Western approaches. These responses marked fundamental differences between the understanding Occident has of the Orient, and vice versa. The implications of this historical background to our current debate on de-Westernizing communication research were explored.

Herng Su - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-09T02:15:00.000-07:00

Name	Herng Su
Title	Professor and Department Chair at the Department of Journalism National Chengchi University, Taiwan
Brief Introduction	2007- -- Professor & Chair, Department of Journalism, NCCU 2005 to 2007 --Director of Research and Development Center of College of Communication at NCCU --Director of Executive MA Program of the same college. 2004 August to 2005 January --Visiting Scholar, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA 1993-2002 Associate Professor National Chengchi University Professor Herng Su established communication ethics center at NCCU in 2005. The center is developed to by combining research of communication ethnics and case study and implemented as a resource data base collecting materials, worldwide regulations, theses and journals related to communication ethics.
Recent Publications	Su, H. (2005). Mass Communication Regulations. In C. F. Peng, H. Su, P.F. Cheng & F. C. Kin (Eds.), Journalism (I): New Journalism (pp 159-207). Taipei: National Open University. Su, H. (2005). Enlightenment of communication: Reread of Mass Communication Theory- C.S. Hsu. In C. S. Feng (Eds.), 70 Years of Department of Journalism (pp129-133). Taipei: Department of Journalism at National Cheng Chi University. Su, H. (2006). The Overview of Newspaper Market-Year 94. 2006 Almanac of Publication (pp 11-16). Taipei: Government Information Office. Su, H. (2006).The Role of Newspapers in the Transition of New Power Establishment in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Paper presented at Conference “Modernity, Modernization, and the Media in China”, China Media Conference 2006, China Media Centre, University of Westminster, June 17, 2006, London, United Kingdom. Su, H. (2007). The Effects of Product Placement in Television News: A content analysis of product types, placement strategies and discourses. Paper presented at The Fifth Conference of Media & Communication in Chinese Civilization, July 16, 2007. Su, H. (2008). Publish or Perish? A Dialogue with Journal Editors in Chinese Communication. Paper presented at the International Communication Association (ICA) for its 57th annual conference, San Francisco, USA, May 26. Su, H. & Chang, B. F. (2008). Web campaign? Public forum? Use of the blog on the presidential candidate web sites. Paper presented at communication and technology conference at Cuiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan. Yi-yi Chiu & H. Su (2009). How newspapers frame political celebrity? The case of Ma Ying-jeou, Mass Communication Research, in press.

Conceptual challenges to the paradigm of media research in national and local contexts

Herng Su, professor,
Department of Journalism, National Chengchi University

Abstract

What kind of science would logically evolve in different social environment? Can communication researchers in Taiwan uncover the latent meaning of local activity and reformulate their own communication research focus? Is it difficult to forge a body of knowledge independent of Euro-America-centered research paradigms in communication theory?
A central criticism of many of Taiwanese communication studies is that they subscribe indiscriminately and significantly to theoretical models mostly imported from the US and Europe. Researchers of communication problem in Taiwan have not behaved independently and they have so far failed to build concepts rooted in the particular experience of life from their own perspective.
The author wants to briefly review the paradigm "wars" of communication research carried out so far in Taiwan and shows some commonalities between Taiwanese and Western research. Then, the article will discuss the most serious theoretical and methodological problem in communication research results from the assumption that communication plays an independent role in affecting social changes and behavior. The author provides a few examples to explain why one should concern with overall social, economic, cultural, and political factors in different reality in the region to adjust the premise, object, and method in research activities. While much communication research in Taiwan may be rich in concept and method from U.S., it was also blamed to forget the obsession with local properties can lead to an undue emphasis on the form of conduct with a neglect of its substance.
The author uses basic premises, theoretical framework, and methodology in relation to the nature of communication study in the West. The author suggests the possibility of building in this region/community a dogma-free science of communication as well as creating constructs and procedures genuinely appropriate to a non-western society.

Shelton Gunaratne - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-09T01:39:00.000-07:00

Name	Shelton Gunaratne
Title	Professor of Mass Communications Emeritus Minnesota State University Moorhead
Brief Introduction	Professor Gunaratne is the first one who establishes a perfect sketch by linking communication theories with Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. The book, The Dao of Press, published in 2005 received great feedback.
Recent Publications	Books/Monographs Gunaratne, S. (2006).Public Sphere and Communicative Rationality: Interrogating Habermas's Eurocentrism Journalism & Communication Monographs, 8 (2). [An elaboration based on a paper titled Habermas, public sphere, and communicative-action theory: Eurocentrism or universalism? presented at the Australian & New Zealand Communication Association conference in Brisbane , July 9-11, 2003.] Gunaratne, S. (2005). The Dao of the Press: A Humanocentric Theory, Cresskill , NJ : Hampton Press. ISBN 1-5727-3616-X or 1-5727-3617-8. [An elaboration of the paper titled "Theory of communication-outlets and free expression: A humanocentric exploration" presented to the Communication Theory and Methodology Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication at the annual convention in Miami Beach, Fla., Aug. 7-10, 2002. Gunaratne, S. (2000). Handbook of the Media in Asia .. New Delhi : SAGE Publications. [Editor and principal author. Author of Part I and co-author of chapters on Bangladesh , Pakistan , Sri Lanka, Indonesia , Malaysia , Mongolia and North Korea ]. ISBN 0-7619-9427-0. 734pp. Book Chapters Gunaratne, S. (2006)."Democracy, journalism and systems: Perspectives from East and West." In X. Hao & S. K. Datta-Ray (Eds.), Issues and challenges in Asian journalism (pp. 1-24). Singapore : Marshall Cavendish.

Paper:

Prepared for presentation at a special conference on a multicultural approach to communication studies, Taipei , Taiwan , December 2008.

DE-WESTERNIZING COMMUNICATION / SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH:
OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS

ABSTRACT / This paper focuses on the different cultural perspectives that scholars have introduced or could introduce to communication / social science research so as to move it away from Occidental biases toward universal universalism. It examines the overlapping meta-theories—including Orientalism and Eurocentrism—that scholars have formulated to diagnose the afflictions plaguing communication science in the non-Western world. It examines the reasons why the United States , United Kingdom , and France remain the core nations of social science, with Germany , Japan , the Netherlands , and Italy in the semi-periphery. It explicates the opportunities available to all non-Western scholars, but particularly to Asian scholars, to enrich the scope of communication science, where the semantic meaning of science connotes a universal universalism, not a European universalism (Wallerstein, 2006). Concomitantly, it looks at the limitations, if any, for such efforts to achieve greater heights.

Keywords / academic dependency /center-periphery / communication science / Eurocentrism / metatheory / Orientalism / social science /

Wei-Wen Chung - Resume and Abstract

2008-07-09T00:08:00.000-07:00

Name	Wei-Wen Chung
Title	Professor and Dean of College of Communication, Department of Journalism,National Chengchi University, Taiwan
Brief Introduction	Chair of Chinese Communication Society（2008.09-） Dean of college of communication（2007.08-） Chief editor of Chinese Journal of Communication Research（2007.01-） Coordinator of Creativity Center, National Chengchi University（2005.08-2007.07） Publisher of Mass Communication Research（1998.08-2001.07） Chair of Department of Journalism, National Chengchi University（1998.08-2001.07） Researches in recent 5 years The evolution of embodied experience: From face-to-face interaction to mediated activity（2008-） An International Collaboration Project for Development of Trans-media: Emotional Code（2007-2009, Co-host） Three-year plan for the construction and promotion of the platform for industrial innovation capability: Analyzing the lifestyle for technology application &designing the software of creative thinking（2006-2008） Looking for Shakespeare in the digital age: Expertise on digital tools（2005-2008） Evaluating expertise in journalism: In search of new criteria（2002-2005）
Recent Publications	Chung, W. W., Chen, P. L., & C, S. S. (2006). Craftsmanship at the digital age: An analytical framework. Chinese Journal of Communication Research, 10, 233-264. Chung, W. W., Chen, P. L., & C, S. S. (2006). From information processing to embodied cognition: Paradigm shift in expertise research. Thought and Words, 44(1), 101-130. Chung, W. W. (2004). Creativity in the play with objects: The case of communication tools. Tamkang Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences- Special Issue for Tamkang University’s 55th Anniversary, 1-16. Chung, W. W. (2002). Who is afraid of Heteroglossia? Notes on trained incapacities. Chinese Journal of Communication Research, 1, 27-40.

Abstract

The Return to Practice
Wei-wen Chung

Social scientists in the non-Western world have long felt dissatisfied with the mainstream thinking imported from the West, which, they believe may result in a distorted picture of local reality. This paper argues that Westernization may not be the real culprit. Rather it is our obsession with universality, which finds its expression in the search for rules, concepts and theory that may narrow our perspective on social reality and consequently throws into prominence the Western influence. Put differently, social research has been haunted by a longstanding epistemological myth that rules, concepts and theory are approximations to reality. To be specific, this paper argues that rules and concepts, which are believed to be the final stage of most social research, fail to account for the dynamics of social practice. Social research has to make drastic departures from our traditional approaches to research practices ranging from data gathering to representation.
This paper attempts to propose an alternative approach to reality. The first section will give a brief account of the criticisms of the traditional approach to social knowledge, with Wittgenstein being its most influential voice. Then I will proceed to lay out a framework for the analysis of social practice. The third section will illustrate the framework using news interview as an example.

Syed Farid Alatas - Resume and Abstract

2007-12-03T22:12:00.000-08:00

(via video presentation)

Name	Syed Farid Alatas
Title	Associate Professor of SociologyNational University of Singapore
Brief Introduction	Syed Farid Alatas, a Malaysian national, is Head of the Department of Malay Studies and Associate Professor of Sociology at the National University of Singapore where he has been since 1992. He obtained his PhD in Sociology from the Johns Hopkins University in 1991. He lectured at the University of Malaya in the Department of Southeast Asian Studies prior to his appointment at Singapore. His books include Democracy and Authoritarianism: The Rise of the Post-Colonial State in Indonesia and Malaysia (Macmillan, 1997) and Alternative Discourse in Asian Social Science: Responses to Eurocentrism (Sage, 2006). He has also edited Asian Inter-Faith Dialogue: Perspectives on Religion, Education and Social Cohesion (RIMA and the World Bank, 2003) and Asian Anthropology, with Jan van Bremen and Eyal Ben-Ari (Routledge, 2005). His articles include “Teaching Classical Sociological Theory in Singapore: The Context of Eurocentrism”, Teaching Sociology 29(3), 2001: 316-331(with Vineeta Sinha); “From Jami’ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian-Muslim Dialogue”, Current Sociology 54(1), 2006: 112-132; “Ibn Khaldun and Contemporary Sociology”, International Sociology 21(6), 2006: 782-795; and “The Historical Sociology of Muslim Societies: Khaldunian Application”, International Sociology 22(3), 2007: 267-288. He is currently in the final stages of preparing a book manuscript for publication on the thought of Ibn Khaldun and is also working on another book on the Ba‘alawi Sufi order.

Paper:

An agenda for the social sciences in Asia

This paper aims to present a concise account of attempts to create alternative social scientific traditions in Asia. The structural and intellectual contexts of Eurocentrism, Orientalism, intellectual imperialism and academic dependency have been theorized by previous generations of scholars and is a given. As scholars there is not much we can do at the structural or material levels of these problems since we are neither in charge of institutions of learning nor the state. However, a great deal of progress can be achieved to transcend the problems of Eurocentrism or academic dependency at the intellectual level. At this level, the great variety of non-Western knowledge traditions and cultural practices are all to be considered as sources of social science theorising and concept building. Such alternative discourses must be understood as being identical to the process of universalizing and internationalizing the social sciences, rather than replacing Eurocentric social science with an equally ethnocentric social science. Alternative discourses are discourses that claim to be alternatives to what they regard as the Orientalist or Eurocentric social sciences of the Western European and North American tradition on which much of the social sciences elsewhere are intellectually dependent. In this paper, I discuss the need for a theoretically sound critique of Eurocentric social science as well as a concrete agenda to overcome the problems addressed in the critique. I provide Asian examples of what may be considered as alternative discourses in social sciences.

Conference Papers

2007-10-10T19:26:00.000-07:00

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http://dewesternizingpapers.blogspot.com

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